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Dolittle
8.5 out of 10 stars - 403 votes

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Genres: Fantasy Casts: Robert Downey Jr creator: Chris McKay, Hugh Lofting Runtime: 101 minutes liked It: 11309 Votes brief: A physician who can talk to animals embarks on an adventure to find a legendary island with a young apprentice and a crew of strange pets. With star michael sheen original dolittles. That weird moment when Your 2nd favorite actor plays as a polar bear. With star michael sheen original dolittle cast. When bollywood will reach on this standard That's why south indian industries is best.

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Most enjoyable film in a while.
Great set of actors making a truly enjoyable movie, very funny. 😂😂😂😂... Can't wait to see it too... I want a full length movie with this art style. With star michael sheen original dolittle season. General James Harold “Jimmy” Doolittle (1896-1993) was a pioneering pilot, aeronautical engineer, combat leader and military strategist whose career stretched from World War I to the height of the Cold War. He is most famous for leading a daring bombing raid over Tokyo in 1942, the first American attack on the Japanese mainland. Doolittle’s 16 planes dropped their bombs and then, lacking fuel to return to their carrier, flew on to crash-land in China and the Soviet Union. Jimmy Doolittle: Early Years James Harold “Jimmy” Doolittle was born in Alameda, California, but spent much of his childhood in western Alaska. His father, Frank, was a gold prospector and carpenter in Nome, where young Jimmy learned to fight bullies and pilot a dogsled. Eventually Rosa and Jimmy Doolittle returned to California, leaving Frank behind. Jimmy attended high school in Los Angeles, where he distinguished himself as a gymnast and boxer. He then began courses at the University of California at Berkeley’s School of Mines. Jimmy Doolittle: First Flights In 1917 Doolittle became a flying cadet in the U. S. Army Signal Corps. He was soon soloing and serving as a flight gunnery instructor. He later requested a transfer to the European theater, but the armistice dashed his dreams of combat. Instead, Doolittle worked at the Army’s Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas, before returning to Berkeley to complete his degree. In 1922 he became the first pilot to fly coast to coast in under 24 hours, making the journey from Florida to California with just one stop. The Army sent him to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned master’s and doctoral degrees in aeronautical engineering. He spent the rest of the decade working as a test pilot for military and civilian planes, setting air race records and helping to develop instruments that allowed pilots to fly in whiteout conditions. In 1930 he left the army for higher-paying work at the Shell Oil Company, where he pressed for the adoption of advanced aviation fuel. Jimmy Doolittle: The Doolittle Raid Returning to the army full-time in 1940, Doolittle continued his test pilot work until January of 1942, when he was summoned by General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold to lead a raid on the Japanese mainland. At the time Japan’s defensive perimeter in the Pacific was wide enough to make it invulnerable to conventional carrier-based attacks. Sixteen Army B-25 bombers were rigged with doubled fuel capacity and loaded on the aircraft carrier USS Hornet. The original plan called for bombing five major cities, but last-minute detection of the Hornet forced the planes to launch a day early. With Doolittle in the lead, the planes survived storms and anti-aircraft fire to drop four bombs each on Tokyo, striking industrial facilities and a light cruiser. Several bombs hit civilian areas, killing 50 and injuring 400. The Doolittle Raiders, as the planes’ pilots became known, flew on toward China. They had planned to land in areas controlled by Chinese Nationalists, but all ran out of fuel and crashed. Most of the crews parachuted to the ground, where with local help they were able to reach the Nationalist lines. One crew landed in Vladivostok and was interned by the Soviets. Three died in the crashes, and eight were captured by the Japanese. Jimmy Doolittle: Aftermath of the Raid In America the raid was cause for celebration. The 45-year-old Doolittle, who had worried he would be court-martialed for missing his primary targets, was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor and promoted two ranks to brigadier general. The attack was a psychological blow for the Japanese, who moved four fighter groups from the war’s front lines to protect their cities. Following the raid, Japanese battalions killed 250, 000 Chinese civilians in areas suspected of aiding the American airmen. Jimmy Doolittle: War Strategy, Final Years Doolittle was given a series of command roles in North Africa and Europe, eventually leading the powerful Eighth Air Force with its 42, 000 combat aircraft. He modified U. bomber escort tactics, freeing fighters to pursue their German counterparts. Doolittle’s last significant mark on U. policy came in a classified report on covert operations for Dwight Eisenhower in 1954, which stated that for Cold War espionage, “acceptable norms of human conduct do not apply. ” In 1959 Doolittle retired as a lieutenant general and returned to an executive position at Shell. In 1985 Ronald Reagan promoted Doolittle to a full four-star general. Doolittle died on September 27, 1993, at age 96.

First comment: Really? Advertising all throughout the video. Lets be real here, we all thought Dolittle would flop. However i have seen it. It is magical and wonderful. Good for all the family. 9/10. Released January 17, 2020 PG, 1 hr 40 min Action/Adventure Comedy 35MM IMAX Tell us where you are Looking for movie tickets? Enter your location to see which movie theaters are playing Dolittle (2020) near you. ENTER CITY, STATE OR ZIP CODE GO Sign up for a FANALERT® and be the first to know when tickets and other exclusives are available in your area. Also sign me up for FanMail to get updates on all things movies: tickets, special offers, screenings + more. 1 of 5 Dolittle: Trailer 1 Dolittle: Christmas Day Weekend Ticket: Dolittle, Bad Boys For Life A doctor who speaks to animals embarks on a journey to save a young royal's life. The two baddest cops in Miami team up one last time to take down a drug cartel, while competing against a younger, tech-savvy next generation of the police force. Will you Dolittle: Exclusive Interview Robert Downey Jr., producer Susan Downey, Craig Robinson, John Cena, and Michael Sheen share the joys and perils of voice acting for animals, what it was like playing adventurers, and how their own pets have personality and panache, in this interview for Dolittle: Featurette - Animal Casting.

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Here's the first trailer for #Doolittle ! Enjoy and leave a like. Hollyweird is trash, full of hate and the actors think theyre better than everyone and knows whats best for us. So screw them and the horse that rode them in. With star michael sheen original dolittle episodes. With star michael sheen original dolittle series. Sia even makes her songs for soundtracks amazing, shes literally so talented. Another FULL MOVIE trailer, now I don't need to watch this, bye.

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Dolittle Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Gaghan Produced by Joe Roth Jeff Kirschenbaum Susan Downey Screenplay by Stephen Gaghan Dan Gregor Doug Mand Story by Thomas Shepherd Based on Doctor Dolittle by Hugh Lofting Starring Robert Downey Jr. Antonio Banderas Michael Sheen Emma Thompson Rami Malek John Cena Kumail Nanjiani Octavia Spencer Tom Holland Craig Robinson Ralph Fiennes Selena Gomez Marion Cotillard Music by Danny Elfman [1] Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Craig Alpert Nick Moore Production company Team Downey Roth Films Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date January 17, 2020 (United States) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million [2] Box office $218. 6 million [3] [4] Dolittle is a 2020 American fantasy adventure film directed by Stephen Gaghan, from a screenplay by Gaghan, Dan Gregor, and Doug Mand, from a story by Thomas Shepherd. A reboot of the original Doctor Dolittle film and its modern comedy counterparts, the film is based on the titular character created by Hugh Lofting, and primarily inspired by The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle. Robert Downey Jr. stars as the title character, alongside Antonio Banderas and Michael Sheen in live-action roles. The voice cast includes Emma Thompson, Rami Malek, John Cena, Kumail Nanjiani, Octavia Spencer, Tom Holland, Craig Robinson, Ralph Fiennes, Selena Gomez, and Marion Cotillard. The project was announced in March 2017 with Downey Jr. set to star, and the rest of the cast joined over the following year. Filming began in March 2018 and lasted through June, taking place around the United Kingdom. The film underwent three weeks of reshoots in the spring of 2019, under the supervision of Jonathan Liebesman and Chris McKay, after initial test screenings yielded poor results. Dolittle was theatrically released in the United States on January 17, 2020, by Universal Pictures. The film received negative reviews from critics for its humor and its incoherent story, and has grossed $126. 6 million worldwide against a production budget of $175 million. Plot [ edit] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( January 2020) Dr. John Dolittle ( Robert Downey Jr. ), is a vet who can talk to animals. After his wife Lily ( Kasia Smutniak), dies at sea, Dolittle confines himself to his home and attending his animals, no longer wanting contact with other humans. One day, a boy named Tommy Stubbins ( Harry Collett), accidentally shoots and wounds a squirrel named Kevin ( Craig Robinson), and decides to go to Dolittle for help. On the same day, Queen Victoria ( Jessie Buckley), sends a message, ordering Dolittle to come in order to try to cure her of a deadly sickness. After being persuaded by the animals, Dolittle finally decides to go. Upon reaching her, he finds that the Queen has eaten a poisonous type of nightshade. To be cured, she must eat a fruit from a land far away. Dolittle, Tommy, and a crew of animals put to sail, hoping to find the cure while trying to avoid Dolittle's long ago rival. Dolittle leaves his dog Jip and a stick bug behind to watch over the Queen. Along the way, Dolittle's boat is attacked by Dr. Blair Müdfly ( Michael Sheen). They are able to escape by attaching a harness to a whale that pulls the boat to safety much to Müdfly’s astonishment. Dolittle is captured by King Rassouli ( Antonio Banderas), his ex-father-in-law, and is locked in a cage with Barry ( Ralph Fiennes), a tiger only looking for his mother's approval. Just when it looks like Dolittle is in trouble, Chee-Chee the Gorilla ( Rami Malek) breaks in and hits Barry. Dolittle and Stubbins escape only to be captured by Dr. Blair, Dolittle’s rival, and have their ship destroyed. After seeing a discouraged Dolittle, Rassouli loans him a boat for reasons from his daughter. Dolittle and company arrive at an island where they meet Ginko-Who-Soars ( Frances de la Tour), an angry, fire breathing dragon. Ginko begins attacking before she falls due to pain. Dolittle figures out what is hurting Ginko and proceeds to remove armour and bagpipes (from previously eaten trespassers) from Ginko's behind. A relieved Ginko shows Dolittle the tree with the cure. Stubbins gives the queen the plant which cures her. Dolittle’s stick bug announces that Lord Thomas poisoned the queen in order to take the crown. The queen has him arrested. Dolittle re-opens the doors to his sanctuary now including Stubbins. A mid credit scene shows Müdfly trying to communicate with bats that turn around and attack him. Cast [ edit] Robert Downey Jr. as Dr. John Dolittle, a widowed veterinarian who has the ability to speak to animals. Antonio Banderas as Rassouli, the king of pirates, who was Lily's father and Dolittle’s father-in-law. Michael Sheen as Dr. Blair Müdfly, an old schoolmate and rival of Dolittle. Harry Collett as Tommy Stubbins, Dolittle's self-appointed apprentice. Jim Broadbent as Lord Thomas Badgley, one of the Queen's chairmen. Jessie Buckley as Queen Victoria, the Queen of England. Carmel Laniado as Lady Rose, a maid of honor to the Queen and Tommy's friend. Ralph Ineson as Arnall Stubbins, Tommy's uncle and Dolittle's favorite shoemaker. Joanna Page as Bethan Stubbins, Tommy's aunt. Sonny Ashbourne Serkis as Arnall Stubbins Jr., Tommy's cousin. Kasia Smutniak as Lily Dolittle, Dolittle's deceased wife. [5] Voices [ edit] Emma Thompson as Polynesia, a wise and headstrong macaw and Dolittle’s most trusted advisor. Rami Malek as Chee-Chee, an anxious but noble gorilla. John Cena as Yoshi, an upbeat polar bear who wears a bashlyk. Kumail Nanjiani as Plimpton, a cynical and fussy but well-meaning ostrich who wears striped stockings and quarrels with Yoshi. Octavia Spencer as Dab-Dab, an enthusiastic and crazy duck with a wooden leg. Tom Holland as Jip, a loyal dog who wears glasses. Craig Robinson as Kevin, a crazy squirrel with attitude. Ralph Fiennes as Barry, a ferocious tiger with gold-tipped fangs who has a past with Dolittle. Selena Gomez as Betsy, a friendly giraffe. Marion Cotillard as Tutu, a French fox who is friends with Betsy. Jason Mantzoukas as James, a wisecracking dragonfly who meets Dolittle in a prison cell from which he helps him escape. Frances de la Tour as Ginko-Who-Soars, a fire-breathing dragon who guards a magical fruit. Nick. A. Fisher as Mini, a sweet possum ( a. k. a. sugar glider). Production [ edit] On March 20, 2017, it was announced that Robert Downey Jr. would star in The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle, a feature adaptation of The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle. [6] In December 2017, Harry Collett and Jim Broadbent were cast. [7] [8] In February 2018, Antonio Banderas and Michael Sheen were cast in live-action roles, while Tom Holland, Emma Thompson, Ralph Fiennes, and Selena Gomez were cast to voice animals, including a tiger, bear, and a lioness. [9] [10] In March 2018, Kumail Nanjiani, Octavia Spencer, John Cena, Rami Malek, Craig Robinson, Marion Cotillard, Frances de la Tour and Carmen Ejogo joined the voice cast. [11] The character of Regine, a lioness voiced by Ejogo, was cut from the finished film. [ citation needed] Principal production commenced mid-February in 2018. Live-action scenes began filming in Kirkby Lonsdale, Cumbria in May 2018, with further location filming at South Forest, Windsor Great Park and on the Menai Suspension Bridge in North West Wales, in June 2018. [12] In April 2019, it was reported the film had undergone 21 days of re-shoots following poor test screenings. Director Jonathan Liebesman helped to oversee the filming alongside Gaghan, while Chris McKay helped write new material after it became clear from first cuts that the comedy elements of the film were not coming together as well as the producers had hoped. [2] Prior to this, Universal had turned towards Seth Rogen and Neighbors co-writer Brendan O'Brien to help make the film funnier. However, neither could remain committed to the project and dropped out. McKay was assigned to storyboard sequences and assemble different edits before later leaving to instead direct The Tomorrow War. Liebesman took over McKay's duties and finished the film alongside Gaghan. The Lego Batman Movie scribe John Whittington had performed rewrites on the script amid reshoots and had flown to London to meet with Downey, who allegedly tore Whittington's script apart in favor of "new ideas". The Hollywood Reporter claims that despite a "challenged production" there were no fights for power and no competing cuts for the film. [13] In August 2019, it was reported that the film's title had been changed from The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle to simply Dolittle. [14] In January 2020, Robert Downey Jr discussed on Joe Rogan 's podcast ( The Joe Rogan Experience) that the premise of the Dr. Dolittle character in his film stemmed from a Welsh neo-pagan physician called William Price. In the podcast he said: "Same way I did with Iron Man.. all right there's something here and then before I signed on, I was just googling 'weirdest Welsh doctor', I just wanted to think of, I don't want to just do another English accent.. so there was this guy called William Price, who's a nutty Welsh doctor, he was a neo-druidist, he believed that he could communicate with all nature and all that stuff, so I sent a picture of this wild looking guy wearing this kind of suit with stars on it and like a staff in his hand, so I sent that to Gaghan and he goes, "That looks good to me" and I was like "great let's do this movie"". [15] Music artist Sia performed a new song of hers called " Original " for the end credits, while Danny Elfman composed the film's score. [16] Release [ edit] The film was originally going to be released on May 24, 2019, by Universal Pictures but was moved to April 12, 2019, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (which was later moved to December 20, 2019). [17] It was later pushed back to January 17, 2020. [18] Reception [ edit] Box office [ edit] As of February 2, 2020, Dolittle has grossed $55. 2 million in the United States and Canada, and $71. 4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $126. 6 million, against a production budget of $175 million. [3] [4] Due to its high production and marketing costs, the film will need to gross around $500 million in order to break-even; [19] following its debut weekend, it was estimated the film would lose the studio between $50–100 million. [20] [21] In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross $20–22 million from 4, 155 theaters in its opening weekend, and a total of around $27 million over the four-day Martin Luther King Jr. Day weekend. [22] [23] It made $6. 3 million on its first day, including $925, 000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $22 million (and $29. 5 million over the four-day frame), finishing third behind fellow newcomer Bad Boys for Life and holdover 1917. [20] The film made $12. 1 million in its second weekend, remaining in third. [24] Critical response [ edit] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 164 reviews, with an average rating of 3. 95/10. The website's critics consensus reads: " Dolittle may be enough to entertain very young viewers, but they deserve better than this rote adaptation's jumbled story and stale humor. " [25] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 27 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". [26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported an average 3 out of 5 stars. [20] Courtney Howard of Variety called the film a "frenetic, crass kids' flick" and wrote: "What should have been an awe-filled adventure quickly curdles into an awful one, thanks to a pedestrian formula and the filmmakers' fixation on fart jokes. " [27] Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, Todd McCarthy said that "From the very first scene, it's clear something is terribly off with this lavishly misbegotten attempt to repopularize an animal-loaded literary franchise that was born exactly a century ago. The oddly diffident star and executive producer Robert Downey Jr. never finds the power-supplying third rail needed to energize a tale that fails to make a real case for being reinterpreted". [28] References [ edit] ^ "Danny Elfman to Score 'The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle ' ". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ^ a b Borys Kit (April 15, 2019). " ' Ninja Turtles' Director Jonathan Liebesman Tackling 'Doctor Dolittle' Reshoots (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 15, 2019. ^ a b "Dolittle (2020)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved February 2, 2020. ^ a b "Dolittle (2020)". The Numbers. Retrieved February 2, 2020. ^ "Kasia Smutniak: «Sul set con Robert Downey Jr. »". (in Italian). June 18, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2019. ^ Ford, Rebecca; Kit, Borys (March 20, 2017). "Robert Downey Jr. to Star in 'The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle ' ". Retrieved March 21, 2017. ^ Kroll, Justin; Kroll, Justin (December 6, 2017). 's 'Voyage of Doctor Dolittle' Taps 'Dunkirk' Actor Harry Collett (EXCLUSIVE)". ^ Kroll, Justin (December 12, 2017). "Jim Broadbent Joins Robert Downey Jr. in Universal's 'Voyage of Doctor Dolittle' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 27, 2018. ^ "Tom Holland, Emma Thompson Join Robert Downey Jr. in 'Doctor Dolittle ' ". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ "Selena Gomez Joins Robert Downey Jr. 's 'Doctor Dolittle' Movie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ "Robert Downey Jr. Unveils Voice Cast for 'Voyage of Doctor Dolittle ' ". Retrieved March 27, 2018. ^ "Hollywood film crew fixes giant pothole". BBC News. June 7, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ Kit, Borys; McClintock, Pamela (January 31, 2020). " " I Have Some New Ideas": The Scramble Behind Robert Downey Jr. 's Dolittle Debacle". Retrieved January 31, 2020. ^ Parlevliet, Mirko (August 12, 2019). "Dolittle Synopsis and New Title for the January Release".. Retrieved August 12, 2019. ^ ^ Kit, Borys (April 28, 2017). 's 'Doctor Dolittle' Moves Release to Avoid 'Star Wars ' ". Retrieved April 29, 2017. ^ Lang, Brent (October 1, 2018). " ' Voyage of Doctor Dolittle' With Robert Downey Jr. Pushed Back to 2020". Retrieved October 2, 2018. ^ Katz, Brandon (December 31, 2019). "Which Movies Are Most Likely to Bomb in 2020? ". The New York Observer. Retrieved February 1, 2020. ^ a b c Anthony D'Alessandro (January 21, 2020). "How Sony Built 'Bad Boys For Life' Into A Success With $101M+ WW & $73M+ U. S. ; 'Dolittle' Poised For $50M+ Loss – Monday Update". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ Jeremy Fuster (January 19, 2020). "Robert Downey Jr's 'Dolittle' Could Lose $100 Million at Box Office". TheWrap. Retrieved January 31, 2020. ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (January 15, 2020). "Can 'Bad Boys For Life' Keep The Sony Franchise Alive? – Box Office Preview". Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ Jeremy Fuster (January 14, 2020). "Can 'Bad Boys for Life' Succeed for Sony Where 'MIB: International' Failed? ". Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (January 24, 2020). " ' Bad Boys For Life' & '1917' Shooting Past $100M; 'The Turning' Slammed With Second 'F' Of 2020". Retrieved January 26, 2020. ^ "Dolittle (2020)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 25, 2020. ^ "Dolittle Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved January 25, 2020. ^ Courtney Howard (January 15, 2020). " ' Dolittle': Film Review". Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ Todd McCarthy (January 15, 2020). Retrieved January 26, 2020. External links [ edit] Official website Dolittle on IMDb Dolittle at Rotten Tomatoes.

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With star michael sheen original dolittle kids. This was a really good movie of cource it had its problems but it was a great cast, great story and i had a blast. It is not something you have to watch but if you went to The movies this is a good choice. How does this have so many thimbs down? This is GOLD. With star michael sheen original dolittle 3. Love the shirt. You could say its “breathtaking”. Ngiringan nya.

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Movie bombed at the Box office. With star michael sheen original dolittle jr. With star michael sheen original dolittle story. I personally loved Dolittle. I family movie with lots of laughter and joy. I recommend. Ya yapma be Tony Stark biz seni Iron Man Olarak sevdik başkasinida sevmiycez. Doolittle Raid Part of World War II, Pacific War A B-25 taking off from Hornet for the raid Date 18 April 1942 Location Tokyo and other Japanese cities Result First attack on Japanese Home Islands, US propaganda victory; US morale improved, Japanese weakened No significant military effect Belligerents United States Empire of Japan Commanders and leaders James H. Doolittle N/A Strength 16 B-25 Mitchells, 80 airmen (52 officers, 28 enlisted), 2 aircraft carriers, 4 cruisers, 8 destroyers Unknown number of troops and homeland defense Casualties and losses 3 dead, 8 POWs (4 died in captivity: 3 executed, 1 by disease) 15 B-25s 250, 000 Chinese (estimated) About 50 dead, 400 injured (including civilians) 5 sailors captured 5 patrol boats sunk v t e Japanese Offensives, 1940–1942 French Indochina Thailand Malaya Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Guam Wake Dutch East Indies New Guinea Singapore Australia Indian Ocean Solomons Coral Sea North America Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls-Gilberts raids Midway RY Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Carolines Southeast Asia Indochina (1940) Franco-Thai War Burma (1941–42) Burma (1942–43) Burma (1944) Burma (1944–45) Indochina (1945) Malacca Strait Tiderace Zipper Indian Ocean (1940–45) Strategic bombing (1944–45) Southwest Pacific Philippines 1941–42 Dutch East Indies 1941–42 Portuguese Timor Philippines 1944–45 Borneo 1945 Aleutian Islands Attack on Pearl Harbor Operation K Ellwood Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Japanese surrender Manchuria Manchuria (1945) Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino-Japanese War Crew No. 1 in front of B-25 #40-2344 on the deck of the USS Hornet, 18 April 1942. From left to right: (front row) Lt. Col. Doolittle, pilot; Lt. Richard E. Cole, copilot; (back row) Lt. Henry A. Potter, navigator; SSgt. Fred A. Braemer, bombardier; SSgt. Paul J. Leonard, flight engineer/gunner. (U. S. Air Force photo) The Doolittle Raid, also known as the Tokyo Raid, on 18 April 1942, was an air raid by the United States on the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Honshu island during World War II, the first air raid to strike the Japanese Home Islands. It demonstrated that Japan itself was vulnerable to American air attack, was retaliation for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, provided an important boost to U. morale, and damaged Japanese morale. The raid was planned and led by Lieutenant Colonel James "Jimmy" Doolittle, U. Army Air Forces. Sixteen U. Army Air Forces B-25B Mitchell medium bombers were launched without fighter escort from the U. Navy 's aircraft carrier USS  Hornet deep in the Western Pacific Ocean, each with a crew of five men. The plan called for them to bomb military targets in Japan, and to continue westward to land in China—landing a medium bomber on the Hornet was impossible. Fifteen of the aircraft reached China, and the other one landed in the Soviet Union. All but three of the crew survived, but all the aircraft were lost. Eight crewmen were captured by the Japanese Army in China; three of these were executed. The B-25 that landed in the Soviet Union at Vladivostok was confiscated and its crew interned for more than a year. Fourteen crews, except for one crewman, returned either to the United States or to American forces. [1] [2] An estimated 250, 000 Chinese civilians were killed by the Japanese during their search for Doolittle's men. [3] [4] The raid caused negligible material damage to Japan, only hitting non-military targets or missing completely—Doolittle thought immediately after the raid that the loss of all his aircraft would lead to his being court-martialled, rather than honored—but it succeeded in its goal of helping American morale and casting doubt in Japan on the ability of its military leaders. It also caused Japan to withdraw its powerful aircraft carrier force from the Indian Ocean to defend their Home Islands, and the raid contributed to Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto 's decision to attack Midway Island in the Central Pacific—an attack that turned into a decisive strategic defeat of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) by the U. Navy in the Battle of Midway. Origins Edit The raid had its start in a desire by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, expressed to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in a meeting at the White House on 21 December 1941, that Japan be bombed as soon as possible to boost public morale after the disaster at Pearl Harbor. [5] Doolittle later recounted in his autobiography that the raid was intended to bolster American morale and to cause the Japanese to begin doubting their leadership, in which it succeeded: The Japanese people had been told they were invulnerable... An attack on the Japanese homeland would cause confusion in the minds of the Japanese people and sow doubt about the reliability of their leaders. There was a second, and equally important, psychological reason for this attack... Americans badly needed a morale boost. [6] The concept for the attack came from Navy Captain Francis Low, Assistant Chief of Staff for anti-submarine warfare, who reported to Admiral Ernest J. King on 10 January 1942 that he thought twin-engine Army bombers could be launched from an aircraft carrier, after observing several at a naval airfield in Norfolk, Virginia, where the runway was painted with the outline of a carrier deck for landing practice. [7] The attack was planned and led by Doolittle, a famous civilian aviator and aeronautical engineer before the war. Requirements that the aircraft have a cruising range of 2, 400 nautical miles (4, 400 km) with a 2, 000-pound (910 kg) bomb load resulted in the selection of the B-25B Mitchell to carry out the mission. The Martin B-26 Marauder, Douglas B-18 Bolo and Douglas B-23 Dragon were also considered, [8] but the B-26 had questionable takeoff characteristics from a carrier deck and the B-23's wingspan was nearly 50% greater than the B-25's, reducing the number that could be taken aboard a carrier and posing risks to the ship's island (superstructure). The B-18, one of the final two types considered by Doolittle, was rejected for the same reason. [9] The B-25 had yet to be tested in combat, [N 1] [10] but subsequent tests with B-25s indicated they could fulfil the mission's requirements. Doolittle's first report on the plan suggested the bombers might land in Vladivostok, shortening the flight by 600 nautical miles (1, 100 km) on the basis of turning over the B-25s as Lend-Lease. [11] Negotiations with the Soviet Union (which had signed a neutrality pact with Japan in April 1941) for permission, were fruitless. [12] Bombers attacking defended targets often relied on a fighter escort to defend them from enemy fighters; not only did Doolittle's aircraft lack a full complement of guns to save weight, but it was not possible for fighters to accompany them. Preparation Edit Lt. Doolittle wires a Japanese medal to a bomb, for "return" to its originators. When planning indicated that the B-25 was the aircraft best meeting all specifications of the mission, two were loaded aboard the aircraft carrier USS  Hornet at Norfolk, Virginia, and subsequently flown off the deck without difficulty on 3 February 1942. [13] The raid was immediately approved and the 17th Bomb Group (Medium) chosen to provide the pool of crews from which volunteers would be recruited. The 17th BG had been the first group to receive B-25s, with all four of its squadrons equipped with the bomber by September 1941. The 17th not only was the first medium bomb group of the Army Air Corps, but in the spring of 1942 also had the most experienced B-25 crews. Its first assignment following the entry of the United States into the war was to the U. Eighth Air Force. [14] The 17th BG, then flying antisubmarine patrols from Pendleton, Oregon, was immediately moved cross-country to Lexington County Army Air Base at Columbia, South Carolina, ostensibly to fly similar patrols off the East Coast of the United States but in actuality to prepare for the mission against Japan. The group officially transferred effective 9 February to Columbia, where its combat crews were offered the opportunity to volunteer for an "extremely hazardous" but unspecified mission. On 17 February the group was detached from the Eighth Air Force. Initial planning called for 20 aircraft to fly the mission, [15] and 24 of the group's B-25B Mitchell bombers were diverted to the Mid-Continent Airlines modification center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. With support provided by two senior managers of Mid-Continent Airlines, Wold-Chamberlain Field's maintenance hangar was the first modification center to become operational. From nearby Fort Snelling, the 710th Military Police Battalion provided tight security around this hangar. Modifications included: Removal of the lower gun turret Installation of de-icers and anti-icers Steel blast plates mounted on the fuselage around the upper turret Removal of the liaison radio set (a weight impediment) Installation of a 160-gallon collapsible neoprene auxiliary fuel tank fixed to the top of the bomb bay, and support mounts for additional fuel cells in the bomb bay, crawlway and lower turret area to increase fuel capacity from 646 to 1, 141 U. gallons (538–950 imperial gallons; 2, 445–4, 319 L) Mock gun barrels installed in the tail cone, and Replacement of their Norden bombsight with a makeshift aiming sight devised by pilot Capt. Charles Ross Greening and called the "Mark Twain". The materials for the bombsight cost only 20 cents. [14] Two bombers also had cameras mounted to record the results of bombing. [12] The 24 crews selected picked up the modified bombers in Minneapolis and flew them to Eglin Field, Florida, beginning 1 March 1942. There the crews received intensive training for three weeks in simulated carrier deck takeoffs, low-level and night flying, low-altitude bombing and over-water navigation, primarily out of Wagner Field, Auxiliary Field 1. Lieutenant Henry Miller, USN, from nearby Naval Air Station Pensacola supervised their takeoff training and accompanied the crews to the launch. For his efforts, Lt. Miller is considered an honorary member of the Raider group. [16] File:Doolittle Raid Doolittle stated in his after-action report that an operational level of training was reached despite several days when flying was not possible because of rain and fog. One aircraft was heavily damaged in a takeoff accident and another removed from the mission because of a nose wheel shimmy that could not be repaired in time. [12] On 25 March 1942, the remaining 22 B-25s took off from Eglin for McClellan Field, California. They arrived two days later at the Sacramento Air Depot for final modifications. A total of 16 B-25s were subsequently flown to NAS Alameda, California, on 31 March. Fifteen raiders were the mission force and a 16th aircraft, by last-minute agreement with the Navy, was squeezed onto the deck to be flown off shortly after departure from San Francisco to provide feedback to the Army pilots about takeoff characteristics. The 16th bomber was made part of the mission force instead. Participating aircraft Edit In order of launching, the 16 aircraft were: [16] AAF serial # Nickname Sqdn Target Pilot Disposition 40-2344 Tokyo Lt. James H. Doolittle crashed N Chuchow, China 40-2292 37th BS Tokyo Lt. Travis Hoover crashed Ningpo, China 40-2270 Whiskey Pete 95th BS Tokyo Lt. Robert M. Gray crashed SE Chuchow, China 40-2282 95th BS Tokyo Lt. Everett W. Holstrom crashed SE Shangjao, China 40-2283 95th BS Tokyo Capt. David M. Jones crashed SW Chuchow, China 40-2298 The Green Hornet 95th BS Tokyo Lt. Dean E. Hallmark ditched at sea Wenchu, China 40-2261 The Ruptured Duck 95th BS Tokyo Lt. Ted W. Lawson ditched at sea Shangchow, China 40-2242 95th BS Tokyo Capt. Edward J. York interned Primorsky Krai, USSR 40-2303 Whirling Dervish 34th BS Tokyo Lt. Harold F. Watson crashed S Nanchang, China 40-2250 89th RS Tokyo Lt. Richard O. Joyce crashed NE Chuchow, China 40-2249 Hari Kari-er 89th RS Yokohama Capt. Charles Ross Greening crashed NE Chuchow, China 40-2278 Fickle Finger of Fate 37th BS Yokohama Lt. William M. Bower crashed NE Chuchow, China 40-2247 The Avenger 37th BS Yokosuka Lt. Edgar E. McElroy crashed N Nanchang, China 40-2297 89th RS Nagoya Maj. John A. Hilger crashed SE Shangjao, China 40-2267 TNT 89th RS Kobe Lt. Donald G. Smith ditched at sea Shangchow, China 40-2268 Bat Out of Hell 34th BS Nagoya Lt. William G. Farrow crashed S Ningpo, China Mission Edit B-25Bs on the USS Hornet en route to Japan On 1 April 1942, the 16 modified bombers, their five-man crews and Army maintenance personnel, totaling 71 officers and 130 enlisted men, [15] were loaded onto the USS  Hornet at Naval Air Station Alameda. Each aircraft carried four specially constructed 500-pound (225 kg) bombs. Three of these were high-explosive munitions and one was a bundle of incendiaries. The incendiaries were long tubes, wrapped together in order to be carried in the bomb bay, but designed to separate and scatter over a wide area after release. Five bombs had Japanese "friendship" medals wired to them—medals awarded by the Japanese government to U. servicemen before the war. [17] The bombers' armament was reduced to increase range by decreasing weight. Each bomber launched with two. 50-caliber (12. 7 mm) machine guns in an upper turret and a. 30-caliber (7. 62 mm) machine gun in the nose. The simulated gun barrels mounted in the tail cones, intended to discourage Japanese air attacks from behind, were cited afterward by Doolittle as being "particularly effective". [12] The aircraft were clustered closely and tied down on the Hornet ' s flight deck in the order of launch. Orders in hand, Navy Capt. Marc A. Mitscher, skipper of the USS Hornet, chats with Lt. James Doolittle. The Hornet and Task Force 18 left the port of Alameda at 10:00 on 2 April and a few days later rendezvoused with Task Force 16, commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. —the carrier USS  Enterprise and her escort of cruisers and destroyers in the mid-Pacific Ocean north of Hawaii. The Enterprise ' s fighters and scout planes provided protection for the entire task force in the event of a Japanese air attack, since the Hornet ' s fighters were stowed below decks to allow the B-25s to use the flight deck. The combined force was two carriers, three heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, eight destroyers and two fleet oilers. The escort ships—the Salt Lake City, Northampton, Vincennes, Nashville, Balch, Fanning, Benham, Ellet, Gwin, Meredith, Grayson, Monssen, Cimarron and Sabine —then proceeded in radio silence. On the afternoon of 17 April the slow oilers refueled the task force, then withdrew with the destroyers to the east while the carriers and cruisers dashed west at 20 knots towards their intended launch point in enemy-controlled waters east of Japan. [18] No. 23 Nittō Maru sinking by USS Nashville Doolittle's B-25 at launching, 18 April 1942. At 07:38 on the morning of 18 April, while the task force was still about 650 nautical miles (1, 200 km) from Japan (at approximately 35°00′00″N 154°00′00″E  /  35°N 154°E), it was sighted by the Japanese picket boat No. 23 Nittō Maru, a 70-ton patrol craft, which radioed an attack warning to Japan. [19] The boat was sunk by gunfire from USS  Nashville; [N 2] The chief petty officer who captained the boat committed suicide rather than be captured, but five of the eleven crew survived when they were picked up by Nashville. [20] Doolittle and Hornet skipper Captain Marc Mitscher decided to launch the B-25s immediately—10 hours early and 170 nautical miles (310 km) farther from Japan than planned. [N 3] After respotting to allow for engine start and runups, Doolittle's aircraft had 467 feet (142 m) of takeoff distance. [21] Although none of the B-25 pilots, including Doolittle, had ever taken off from a carrier before, all 16 aircraft launched safely between 08:20 and 09:19. (The 16th B-25 had been included only as a reserve, intended to fly along as an observation and photographic platform, but when surprise was compromised, Doolittle decided to use all 16 aircraft in the attack. ) [22] This was the only time that United States Army Air Forces bombers were launched from a U. Navy aircraft carrier on a combat mission. [ citation needed] The B-25s then flew towards Japan, most in groups of two to four aircraft before flying single file at wave-top level to avoid detection. [23] The aircraft began arriving over Japan about noon Tokyo time, six hours after launch, and bombed 10 military and industrial targets in Tokyo, two in Yokohama and one each in Yokosuka, Nagoya, Kobe and Osaka. Although some B-25s encountered light antiaircraft fire and a few enemy fighters over Japan, no bomber was shot down. Only the B-25 of Lt. Joyce received any battle damage, minor hits from antiaircraft fire. [21] B-25 No. 4, piloted by Lt. Holstrom, jettisoned its bombs before reaching its target when it came under attack by fighters after its gun turret malfunctioned. [24] At least one Japanese fighter was shot down by the gunners of the Whirling Dervish, piloted by Lieutenant Harold Watson. Two other fighters were shot down by the gunners of the Hari Kari-er, piloted by Ross Greening. Many military targets were strafed by the bombers' nose gunners. Fifteen of the sixteen aircraft then proceeded southwest along the southern coast of Japan and across the East China Sea towards eastern China, where several fields in Zhejiang province were supposed to be ready to guide them in using homing beacons, then recover and refuel them for continuing on to Chongqing, the wartime Kuomintang capital. [15] The primary base was at Zhuzhou, toward which all the aircraft navigated, but Halsey never sent the planned signal to alert them, apparently because of a possible threat to the task force. One B-25, piloted by Capt. York, was extremely low on fuel, and headed instead for the closer Soviet Union. The raiders faced several unforeseen challenges during their flight to China: night was approaching, the aircraft were running low on fuel and the weather was rapidly deteriorating. None would have reached China if not for a tail wind as they came off the target, which increased their ground speed by 25 knots for seven hours. [25] The crews realized they would probably not be able to reach their intended bases in China, leaving them the option of either bailing out over eastern China or crash-landing along the Chinese coast. [12] [N 4] Fifteen aircraft reached the Chinese coast after thirteen hours of flight and crash-landed or the crews bailed out; the crew who flew to the Soviet Union landed 40 miles (65 km) beyond Vladivostok, where their B-25 was confiscated and the crew interned. It was the longest combat mission ever flown by the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber, averaging approximately 2, 250 nautical miles (4, 170 km). Although York and his crew were well-treated, diplomatic attempts to return them to the United States ultimately failed. Eventually they were relocated to Ashgabat, 20 miles (32 km) from the Iranian border, and York managed to "bribe" a smuggler, who helped them cross the border and reach a nearby British consulate on 11 May 1943. [1] [2] The smuggling was actually staged by the NKVD, according to declassified Soviet archives, because the Soviet government was unable to repatriate them legally in the face of the neutrality pact with Japan. [26] Doolittle and his crew, after parachuting into China, received assistance from Chinese soldiers and civilians as well as John Birch, an American missionary in China. As did the others who participated in the mission, Doolittle had to bail out but fortunately landed in a heap of dung (saving a previously injured ankle from breaking) in a paddy in China near Quzhou. Doolittle felt the raid had been a terrible failure because all the aircraft were lost, and he expected to be court-martialed on his return. [27] He subsequently recommended Birch for intelligence work with Claire Chennault 's Flying Tigers. One crewman, Corporal Leland D. Faktor, flight engineer/gunner with Gray, was killed during his bailout attempt over China, the only man in that crew to be lost. Two crews (10 men) were missing. Aftermath Edit Fate of the missing crewmen Edit Lt. Doolittle with members of his flight crew and Chinese officials in China after the attack. From left to right: Staff Sgt. Braemer, bombardier; Staff Sgt. Leonard, flight engineer/gunner; General Ho, director of the Branch Government of Western Chekiang Province; Lt. Cole, copilot; Doolittle; Henry H. Shen, bank manager; Lt. Potter, navigator; Chao Foo Ki, secretary of the Western Chekiang Province Branch Government. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 crews who had reached China eventually achieved safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. Of the 80 airmen who participated in the raid, 69 escaped capture or death. When the Chinese helped the Americans escape, the grateful Americans in turn gave them whatever they had on hand. The people who helped them paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Japanese military began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese from helping the American airmen. All airfields within a range of some 20, 000 square miles (50, 000 km 2) in the areas where the Raiders had landed were torn up. [28] Germ warfare was used and atrocities committed, and those found with American items were shot. The Japanese killed an estimated 250, 000 Chinese civilians during their search for Doolittle's men. [3] [4] The crews of two aircraft (ten men in total) were unaccounted for: Hallmark's crew (sixth off) and Farrow's crew (last off). On 15 August 1942, the United States learned from the Swiss Consulate General in Shanghai that eight of the missing crew members were prisoners of the Japanese at the city's Police Headquarters. Two crewmen drowned after crash-landing in the ocean. On 19 October 1942, the Japanese announced that they had tried the eight prisoners and sentenced them all to death, but said several had received commutation of their sentences to life imprisonment. No names or details were given. The story of the missing crews was revealed in February 1946 during a war crimes trial held in Shanghai to try four Japanese officers charged with mistreating the eight captured crewmen. It was learned that two of the missing crewmen, Staff Sgt. William J. Dieter and Sgt. Donald E. Fitzmaurice, drowned when their B-25 crashed into the sea. The other eight were captured: Lieutenants Dean E. Hallmark, Robert J. Meder, Chase Nielsen, William G. Farrow, Robert L. Hite, and George Barr, and Corporals Harold A. Spatz and Jacob DeShazer. On 28 August 1942, pilot Hallmark, pilot Farrow, and gunner Spatz faced a war crimes trial by the Japanese for allegedly strafing Japanese civilians. At 16:30 on 15 October 1942 they were taken by truck to Public Cemetery Number 1, and executed by firing squad. Robert L. Hite, blindfolded by his captors, 1942 The other captured airmen remained in military confinement on a starvation diet, their health rapidly deteriorating. In April 1943, they were moved to Nanking, where Meder died on 1 December 1943. The remaining men, Nielsen, Hite, Barr and DeShazer, eventually began receiving slightly better treatment and were given a copy of the Bible and a few other books. They were freed by American troops in August 1945. Four Japanese officers were tried for war crimes against the captured Doolittle Raiders, found guilty, and sentenced to hard labor, three for five years and one for nine years. DeShazer eventually became a missionary and returned to Japan in 1948, where he served for over 30 years. [29] George Barr died, of heart failure, in 1967, Chase Nielsen in 2007, and Jacob DeShazer on 15 March 2008. Service of the returning crewmen Edit Immediately following the raid, Doolittle told his crew that he believed the loss of all 16 aircraft, coupled with the relatively minor damage to targets, had rendered the attack a failure, and that he expected a court-martial upon his return to the United States. Instead, the raid bolstered American morale to such an extent that Doolittle was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Roosevelt, and was promoted two grades to brigadier general, skipping the rank of colonel. When General Doolittle toured the growing Eglin Field facility in July 1942 with commanding officer Col. Grandison Gardner, the local paper of record (the Okaloosa News-Journal, Crestview, Florida), while reporting his presence, made no mention of his still-secret recent training at Eglin. He went on to command the Twelfth Air Force in North Africa, the Fifteenth Air Force in the Mediterranean, and the Eighth Air Force in England during the next three years. Corporal David J. Thatcher (a flight engineer/gunner on Lawson's crew) and 1st Lt. Thomas R. White (flight surgeon/gunner with Smith) each received the Silver Star for helping the wounded crew members of Lt. Lawson's crew to evade Japanese troops in China. All 80 Raiders received the Distinguished Flying Cross, and those who were killed, wounded or injured during the raid also received the Purple Heart. Every Doolittle Raider received a decoration from the Chinese government. Twenty-eight of the crewmen remained in the China Burma India theater, flying missions, most for more than a year. Five were killed in action. Nineteen crew members flew combat missions from North Africa after returning to the United States, four of whom were killed in action and four becoming prisoners of war. Nine crew members served in the European Theater of Operations; one was killed in action. Altogether 12 of the survivors died in air crashes within 15 months of the raid. Two survivors were separated from the USAAF in 1944 due to the severity of their injuries. [1] The 17th Bomb Group, from which the Doolittle Raiders had been recruited, received replacement crews and transferred to Barksdale Army Air Field in June 1942, where it converted to B-26 Marauder medium bombers. In November 1942 it deployed overseas to North Africa, where it operated in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations with the Twelfth Air Force for the remainder of the war. Impact Edit 1942 US newsreel about the raid Compared with the future devastating Boeing B-29 Superfortress attacks against Japan, the Doolittle raid did little material damage, readily repaired. Eight primary and five secondary targets were struck. In Tokyo, the targets included an oil tank farm, a steel mill, and several power plants. In Yokosuka, at least one bomb from the B-25 piloted by Lt. McElroy struck the nearly completed IJN aircraft carrier Ryūhō, [21] delaying her launch until November. Six schools and an army hospital were also hit. Japanese officials reported the two aircraft whose crews were captured had struck their targets. [30] For years before Pearl Harbor, there had been mock air raid drills in every Japanese city, [N 5] although China's air force was almost nonexistent; this may have been part of the process of keeping warlike emotion at a high pitch. The Japanese press was told how to convey the news. The attack was depicted as a cruel, indiscriminate bombing targeted at civilians, women and children. [31] Despite the minimal damage inflicted, American morale, still reeling from the attack on Pearl Harbor and Japan's subsequent territorial gains, soared when news of the raid was released. [32] The Japanese Navy attempted to locate and pursue the American task force. The Second Fleet, its main striking force, was near Taiwan, returning from the Indian Ocean Raid to refit and replace its air losses. Spearheaded by five aircraft carriers and its best naval aircraft and aircrews, the Second Fleet was immediately ordered to locate and destroy the U. carrier force, but failed to do so. [33] [34] The Imperial Japanese Navy also bore a special responsibility for allowing an American aircraft carrier force to approach the Japanese Home Islands in a manner similar to the IJN fleet to Hawaii in 1941, and permitting it to escape undamaged. [N 6] The fact that large, normally land-based bombers carried out the attack confused the IJN's high command. This confusion and the knowledge that Japan was now vulnerable to air attack strengthened Yamamoto's resolve to capture Midway Island, resulting in a decisive Japanese defeat at the Battle of Midway. [36] [37] [38] "It was hoped that the damage done would be both material and psychological. Material damage was to be the destruction of specific targets with ensuing confusion and retardation of production. The psychological results, it was hoped, would be the recalling of combat equipment from other theaters for home defense thus effecting relief in those theaters, the development of a fear complex in Japan, improved relationships with our Allies, and a favorable reaction on the American people. " —General James H. Doolittle, 9 July 1942 [12] [39] Postwar Edit WWII Army veteran George A. McCalpin (right) talking to Lt. Cole (seated) about McCalpin's cousin, raider Sgt. William 'Billy Jack' Dieter, at the 66th anniversary at the University of Texas at Dallas in April 2008. Maj Tom Griffin's signature on a B-25 operated by the TriState Warbird Museum The Doolittle Raiders have held an annual reunion almost every year since the late 1940s. The high point of each reunion is a solemn, private ceremony in which the surviving Raiders perform a roll call, then toast their fellow Raiders who died during the previous year. Specially engraved silver goblets, one for each of the 80 Raiders, are used for this toast; the goblets of those who have died are inverted. Each Raider's name is engraved on his goblet both right side up and upside down. The Raiders drink a toast using a bottle of cognac that accompanies the goblets to each Raider reunion. [40] In 2013 the remaining Raiders decided to hold their last public reunion at Fort Walton Beach, Florida, not far from Eglin Air Force Base, where they trained for the original mission. The bottle and the goblets had been maintained by the United States Air Force Academy on display in Arnold Hall, the cadet social center, until 2006. On 19 April 2006, these memorabilia were transferred to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. [41] The NMUSAF announced in September 2013 that the "final toast to fallen comrades" by the surviving raiders would take place at the museum on 9 November 2013 during an invitation-only ceremony. [42] Surviving airmen Edit On April 18, 2013, a final reunion for the surviving Raiders was held at Eglin Air Force Base, with Robert Hite the only survivor unable to attend. [43] Colonel Richard E. Cole, copilot of aircraft No. 1 [44] Lieutenant Colonel Robert L. Hite, copilot of aircraft No. 16 [45] Lt. Edward Joseph Saylor, engineer of aircraft No. 15 [46] Staff Sergeant David J. Thatcher, gunner of aircraft No. 7 [47] Seven other men, including Lt. Miller and raider historian Col. Carroll V. Glines, are considered honorary Raiders for their efforts for the mission. [48] Bill Bower, the last surviving Doolittle raider full pilot, died on 10 January 2011 at age 93 in Boulder, Colorado. [49] [50] [51] Commemoration Edit The United States Navy named 1944 aircraft carrier USS  Shangri-La, after the fictional place, as a reference to the Doolittle Raid. President Roosevelt had answered a reporter's question by saying that the raid had come from " Shangri-La ", which was the name of the mysterious place of perpetual youth in the Himalayas in the popular book and movie of the time, Lost Horizon. [52] [53] Doolittle Raiders exhibit Edit NMUSAF Doolittle Raid exhibit. The engine shrouds cover the dissimilar engine exhausts of the 'D' model which varied from the 'B' models flown on the raid. The most extensive display of Doolittle Raid memorabilia is at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) in Dayton, Ohio. The centerpiece is a like-new B-25, which is painted and marked as Doolittle's aircraft, 40-2344, (although built as an F-10D photo reconnaissance version of the B-25D). The bomber, which North American Aviation presented to the Raiders in 1958, rests on a reproduction of the USS Hornet ' s flight deck. Several authentically dressed mannequins surround the aircraft, including representations of Doolittle, USS Hornet Captain Marc Mitscher, and groups of Army and Navy men loading the bomber's bombs and ammunition. Also exhibited are the silver goblets used by the Raiders at each of their annual reunions, pieces of flight clothing and personal equipment, a parachute used by one of the Raiders in his bailout over China, and group photographs of all 16 crews, and other items. A fragment of the wreckage of one of the aircraft, and the medals awarded to Doolittle, are on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D. C. The last B-25 to be retired from the U. Air Force inventory is displayed at the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin AFB in the markings of Gen. Doolittle's aircraft. The 2006 Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor on Ford Island, Oahu, Hawaii also has a 1942 exhibit in which the centerpiece is a restored B-25 in the markings of "The Ruptured Duck" used on the Doolittle Raid. [54] The San Marcos, Texas, chapter of the Commemorative Air Force has in its museum the armor plate from the pilot seat of the B-25 Doolittle flew in the raid. Doolittle Raiders re-creation Edit This article does not contain any citations or references. Please improve this article by adding a reference. For information about how to add references, see Template:Citation. |date=}} The restored World War II B-25 "Heavenly Body" takes off from the deck of the USS Ranger On 21 April 1992, in harmony with other World War II 50th Anniversary festivities, USS  Ranger participated in the commemorative re-enactment of the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, Japan, with 1, 500 guests. Two World War II–era B-25 bombers were craned on board and took off. Popular culture Edit Films Edit The raid inspired several films. The 1943 RKO film Bombardier starred Randolph Scott and Pat O'Brien. The climax of this movie is an attack on Japan by a group of B-17s. A highly fictionalized film in 1943, Destination Tokyo starring Cary Grant, tangentially involved the raid, concentrating on the fictional submarine USS Copperfin. The submarine's mission is to enter Tokyo Bay undetected and place a landing party ashore to obtain weather information vital to the upcoming Doolittle raid. The film suggests the raid did not launch until up-to-the-minute data was received. All the after-action reports indicated the raid launched without time for weather briefings because of the encounter with the picket ships. [12] The Doolittle Raid was the subject of the 1944 feature film, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, based on a book of the same title by Doolittle Raider pilot Captain Ted W. Lawson, who was seriously injured in a crash landing off the coast of China. Spencer Tracy played Doolittle and Van Johnson portrayed Lawson. Footage from the film was later used for the opening scenes of Midway and in the TV miniseries War and Remembrance. The Purple Heart, made in 1944, starring Dana Andrews, was a fictional depiction based on a Japanese murder trial of captured American airmen, from the Doolittle Raid. The 2001 film Pearl Harbor (with Alec Baldwin playing Doolittle) presented a heavily fictionalized version of the raid. The film's portrayal of the planning of the raid, the air raid itself, and the raid's aftermath, is inaccurate, portraying the bombing as a devastatingly effective strike against an entire industrial area. Additionally, the film includes a completely fictionalized shootout between Japanese soldiers in China and American airmen, resulting in the deaths of several Americans, many Japanese, and the rescue of the surviving airmen by Chinese soldiers. A VHS video with contemporary footage of Doolittle and the flight preparations, along with the B-25s launching, is DeShazer, the story of missionary Sergeant Jake DeShazer of B-25 No. 16 (the last to launch from the Hornet). The video is based on "The Amazing Story of Sergeant Jacob De Shazer: The Doolittle Raider Who Turned Missionary by C. Hoyt Watson. At the end of both the video and the book, DeShazer after the war meets Mitsuo Fuchida, the commander and lead pilot of the Pearl Harbor attack. Books Edit Many books were written about the Doolittle Raid after the war. Doolittle's Tokyo Raiders, by C. V. Glines, tells the complete story of the raid, including the unique experiences of each B-25 crew. Guests of the Kremlin, written by copilot Bob Emmens, describes his crew's adventures as internees in The Soviet Union after their landing in that country following the raid. Four Came Home, also by C. Glines, tells the story of Nielsen, Hite, Barr, and DeShazer, the Raiders who were held in POW camps for over three years. The First Heroes by Craig Nelson, goes into great detail of the events leading up to the raid and the aftermath for all the pilots and their families. References Edit Notes Edit ↑ The first bombing mission by B-25s preceded the Doolittle Raid by only 12 days. On 6 April 1942, six Mitchells of the 3rd Bomb Group bombed Gasmata, New Britain, followed on 12 and 13 April by two days of sorties against Cebu City and Davao in the Philippines. The Third Bomb Group staged 10 Mitchells through Darwin, Australia to Mindanao for the latter. ↑ The order to the Nashville did not go out until 07:52. Heavy seas made hitting the picket boat difficult even with rapid fire, and it was not sunk until 08:23 (Glines, p. 70). ↑ Doolittle, first off, was 610 nautical miles (1, 100 km) from Tokyo at launch, while Farrow, last off, was 600 nautical miles (1, 100 km) from landfall (Glines, p. 71). ↑ Doolittle's after-action report stated that some B-25s were heard overflying the bases but, because the Chinese had not been alerted to the attack, they assumed it was a Japanese air raid. ↑ An air raid drill took place in Tokyo on the morning of the raid. (Glines 1988, p. 77) ↑ The Japanese, through a small amount of intercepted radio traffic between Halsey and Mitscher, were aware that an American carrier force was at large in the Western Pacific Ocean and could possibly attack Japan. [35] Citations Edit ↑ 1. 0 1. 1 1. 2 "Eighty Brave Men. " Doolittle Tokyo Raiders, Memorial site of Richard O. Joyce. Retrieved: 17 February 2008. ↑ 2. 0 2. 1 Glines 1998, pp. 166–168. ↑ 3. 0 3. 1 "The Perilous Fight. " PBS. Retrieved: 22 November 2011. ↑ 4. 0 4. 1 Nelson 2002, pp. 226–228. ↑ Glines 1998, p. 10. ↑ Doolittle and Glines 1991, pp. 1–2. ↑ Glines 1998, p. 13. ↑ Glines 1998, p. 19. ↑ Glines 1998, pp. 19–20. ↑ Martin and Stephenson 2008, pp. 174, 182–183. ↑ Glines 1998, p. 27. ↑ 12. 0 12. 1 12. 2 12. 3 12. 4 12. 5 12. 6 "General Doolittle's report on raid, 9 July 1942. " Hyper War. Retrieved: 19 June 2007. ↑ Glines 1998, p. 22. ↑ 14. 0 14. 1 Craven and Cate 1948, p. 439. ↑ 15. 0 15. 1 15. 2 Craven and Cate 1948, p. 440. ↑ 16. 0 16. 1 "Memorial site of Richard O. " Doolittle Tokyo Raiders. Retrieved: 23 October 2010. ↑ Coletta 1993, pp. 73–86. ↑ Glines 1998, p. 63. ↑ Chun 2006, p. 45. ↑ Glines 1998, p. 71. ↑ 21. 0 21. 1 21. 442. ↑ Watson 1950, p. 17. ↑ Watson 1950, p. 20. ↑ Glines 1998, p. 94. ↑ Glines 1998, pp. 81, 91. ↑ Roshchupkin, Vladimir. "Секретная миссия подполковника Дулиттла" (in Russian). NRC Magazine: The Guardian, 6 February 2011. Retrieved: 21 August 2012. ↑ Doolittle and Glines 1991, p. 12. ↑ Chang 1997, p. 189. ↑ DeShazer Dixon, Carol Aiko. " Return of the Raider: A Doolittle Raider's Story of War and Forgiveness. ", 2010. ↑ Shepherd, Joel. "USS Enterprise CV-6 The Most Decorated Ship of the Second World War. ". Retrieved: 19 April 2010. ↑ Chun 2006, p. 84. ↑ Glines 1998, p. 219. ↑ Glines 1988, pp. 75-76 ↑ Craven and Cate 1948, p. 441 ↑ Glines 1998, pp. 60–62 ↑ Glines 1998, p. 218. ↑ Prange et al. 1982, pp. 22–26. ↑ Gill 1968, p. 24 ↑ Glines 1998, pp. 215–216. ↑ ↑ " 'Doolittle Goblets' Find New Home. " Department of Defense News. Retrieved: 24 April 2010. ↑ Rob Bardua, Doolittle Raiders' Final Toast Ceremony to take place at National Museum of the U. Air Force, NMUSAF. Retrieved 23 September 2013. ↑ Joyce, Todd. "Richard E. Cole, 0-421602, Colonel, Co-Pilot Crew 1. ", 2012. Retrieved: 11 October 2012. ↑ Joyce, Todd. "Robert L. Hite, 0-417960, Lieutenant Colonel, Co-Pilot Crew 16. "Edward Joseph Saylor, 6569707, Lt. Col., Engineer Crew 15. "David J. Thatcher, 19019573, Staff Sergeant, Engineer-Gunner Crew 7. "80 Brave Men: The Doolittle Tokyo Raiders Roster. " The Doolittle Tokyo Raiders, 10 December 2008. Retrieved: 12 May 2009. ↑ "Ravenna WWII hero Colonel Bill Bower, 'Doolittle Raider, ' dies. " Ravenna Record Courier, 12 January 2011. Retrieved: 30 January 2011. ↑ "Col. William Marsh 'Bill' Bower, February 13, 1917 – January 10, 2011. " newspaper, 12 January 2011. Retrieved: 30 January 2011. ↑ Rees Shapiro, T. "Bill Bower, last surviving bomber pilot of WWII Doolittle Raid, dies at 93. " Washington Post, 15 January 2011. Retrieved: 30 January 2011. ↑ "A Short History. " U. Shangri-La. Retrieved: 23 October 2010. ↑ "He Flew From 'Shangri-La' to Bomb Tokyo. " The War Illustrated, 6 August 1943. ↑ "B-25 Mitchell. " Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor. Retrieved: 14 November 2010. Bibliography Edit Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking. New York: Basic Books, 1997. ISBN 0-465-06835-9. Chun, Clayton K. The Doolittle Raid 1942: America's First Strike Back at Japan (Campaign: 16). Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2006. ISBN 1-84176-918-5. Coletta, Paolo. "Launching the Doolittle Raid on Japan, April 18, 1942". The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 1, February 1993. Craig, John S. Peculiar Liaisons: In War, Espionage, and Terrorism in the Twentieth Century. New York: Algora Publishing, 2004. ISBN 978-0-87586-331-3. Craven, Wesley Frank and James Lea Cate, series editors. "Chapter 12: Drawing the Battle Line in the Pacific". Army Air Forces in World War II, Vol. I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. (Air Force Historical Studies Office internet edition. ) Doolittle, James H. and Carroll V. Glines. I Could Never Be So Lucky Again: An Autobiography. New York: Bantam Books, 1991. ISBN 0-553-58464-2. Emmens, Robert G. Guests of the Kremlin. San Rafael, California: Ishi Press International, 2007. ISBN 0-923891-81-1. Gill, G. Hermon. Volume II – Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1968.. Retrieved 14 October 2012. Glines, Carroll V. The Doolittle Raid: America's Daring First Strike Against Japan. New York: Orion Books, 1988. ISBN 0-88740-347-6 ———— Doolittle's Tokyo Raiders. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, First edition 1968. ISBN 978-0-44202-726-1. ———— Four Came Home: The Gripping Story of the Survivors of Jimmy Doolittle's Two Lost Crews. New York: Van Nostrad Reinhold, 1981, First edition 1966. ISBN 978-1-57510-007-4. Glover, Charles E. "Jimmy Doolittle's One Moment in Time. " The Palm Beach Post, 18 April 1992. Hasley, Edward. "War Stories: Heroism in the Pacific", 18 February 1996. Hayostek, Cindy. "Exploits of a Doolittle Raider"., 21 July 1998. Retrieved: 10 March 2008. Lawson, Ted W. and Robert Considine, ed. Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo. New York: Random House, Inc., 1943. Martin, Adrian R., and Larry W. Stephenson. Operation Plum: The Ill-fated 27th Bombardment Group and the Fight For the Western Pacific. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2008. ISBN 1-60344-019-4. Nelson, Craig. The First Heroes: The Extraordinary Story of the Doolittle Raid—America's First World War II Victory. London: Penguin Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-14-200341-1. Oxford, Edward. "Against All Odds: B-25 Bombers Strike Japan in 1942. " American History Illustrated, March–April 1992. Prange, Gordon W., Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon. Miracle at Midway. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. ISBN 0-07-050672-8. Tillman, Barrett. "Enterprise: America's Fightingest Ship and the Men Who Helped win World War II". New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4391-9087-6. Watson, Charles Hoyt. DeShazer: The Doolittle Raider Who Turned Missionary. Winona Lake, Indiana: The Light and Life Press, 1950. External links Edit Official Website of the Doolittle Raiders Doolittle Raider Reunion Information Remembering the Doolittle Raid. An oral history featuring Jimmy Doolittle Profile image of Doolittle's aircraft Former Official Doolittle Raiders site Wright Patterson site "Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo" The Halsey-Doolittle Raid "Animated History of Doolittle Raid" Naval Historical Center site After action report of Col. Doolittle MaritimeQuest Doolittle Raid Photo Gallery American Heritage article on the Doolittle Raid – A fan site on things related to the Doolittle Raid and the Raiders Jimmy Doolittle and the Tokyo Raiders Strike Japan During World War II article by Edward Oxford A memorial site for Doolittle Raider Jacob DeShazer, including his story as written by daughter, Carol Aiko DeShazer Dixon Official historian of the Doolittle raid, Carroll V. Glines talks about the raid A film clip of Doolittle Raid is available for free download at the Internet Archive [ more] POW, Nippon News, No. 125. in the official website of NHK.


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